Brief Background CERNE is a journal edited by the Federal University of Lavras (UFLA) which publishes original articles and reviews that represent relevant contributions to Forest Science development (Forest Ecology, Forest Management, Silviculture, and Technology of Forest Products). Since its start in 1994, the journal has promoted forest science globally by disseminating researchers' and scientists' findings and knowledge from all regions worldwide. Its abbreviated title is CERNE, which should be used in bibliographies, footnotes, and bibliographical references and strips. The manuscripts are submitted electronically by Cerne's online submission system. Open Science Compliance CERNE follows a series of open science practices. The journal is published under the Open Access model and therefore, articles are free for anyone to read, download, copy, and disseminate for educational purposes. CERNE accepts manuscripts deposited on known preprint servers for evaluation. The Journal requires citation, referencing, and declaration of research data; and promotes peer review. The journal also requires an indication of the role of each of the authors in articles with multiple authorships. Upon previous acceptance by the reviewer and author(s), the content of the reviewer's suggestions might be open for access. All articles are assigned to a Digital Object Identifier (DOI) and all authors must be registered with an Open Researcher and Contributor Identifier (ORCID) number. Finally, the names of the editors responsible will be published in each article. Ethics in Publication The journal complies with the SciELO Guidelines Practices for Strengthening Ethics in Scientific Publication as well as the ethical principles of the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE). The manuscript that involves experimentation with living animals, genetically modified organisms, human beings, or LGPD-sensitive data must provide evidence that it was performed under local ethical guidelines. This evidence must be officially stated in the Material and Methods section, describing that the study was evaluated and approved by an appropriate ethical committee. Focus and Scope Articles published in CERNE cover research areas of Forest Ecology, Forest Management, Silviculture, and Technology of Forest Products. Submission of a manuscript to the journal requires that it has neither been published nor is under consideration for publication elsewhere. Concepts and affirmations included in articles are the entire responsibility of the author(s). The journal is published online in a continuous flow mode. Original research articles and reviews (by invitation only) are the main publication formats. Digital Preservation The journal follows the Digital Preservation Policy of the SciELO Program . Indexing Sources AGRIS - International Information System for the Agricultural Sciences and Technology AGROBASE - Base de Dados da Agricultura Brasileira CAB Abstracts - Commonwealth Agricultural Bureau CIRS - International Center for Scientific Research DOAJ - Directory of Open Access Journals EZB - Eletronic Journals Library LATINDEX - Sistema Regional de Información en línea para Revistas Científicas de América Latina, el Caribe, España y Portugal OpenAlex PERIÓDICA - Índice de Revistas Latinoamericanas en Ciencias REDALYC - Red de Revistas Científicas de América Latina y El Caribe, Espanã y Portugal SciELO - Scientific Electronic Library Online SCOPUS - Elsevier SUMÁRIOS.ORG - Sumários de Revistas Brasileiras WEB OF SCIENCE - Thomson Reuters Bibliographic Journal Information Title: CERNE Abbreviated title: CERNE Publisher: Editora UFLA eISSN: 2317-6342; ISSN: 0104-7760 Periodicity: Annual Publication model: Continuous publication Year of journal start: 1994 Websites and Social Media https://cerne.ufla.br/site/index.php/CERNE https://www.scielo.br/j/cerne/ EDITORIAL POLICY Received manuscripts are forwarded to the editorial board to be initially evaluated in terms of comparative relevance to other manuscripts of the same research area that were submitted for publication. If considered relevant, the manuscript is submitted for peer review. If considered as not relevant, the manuscript is rejected without further review. Preprints In accordance with the purposes of Open Science, the CERNE allows the corresponding author, when submitting the article or later, to submit the manuscript, preferably to the SciELO Preprints server. The identification of whether the article submission is a preprint will be given by the authors at the time of submitting the article, attaching to the Journal's submission platform the form on compliance with Open Science provided by the link below. Form on compliance with Open Science Peer Review Process The review process of manuscripts submitted to CERNE follows two critical stages, each designed to ensure that only the highest quality research is published. Here's an overview of how it works and the underlying rationale behind each step. 1. Preliminary Evaluation by the Editor-in-Chief The first step begins with an initial assessment conducted by the Editor-in-Chief. This phase ensures that the manuscript aligns with the journal's standards and objectives. The Editor-in-Chief carefully examines several elements: Relevance to the Journal's Aims and Scope: This ensures that the manuscript addresses topics pertinent to the journal's specific focus areas. Technical Grammatical and Formal Norms: The manuscript is checked for basic language and formatting issues, ensuring it adheres to the journal’s submission guidelines. Content, Coherence, and Methodological Consistency: The Editor-in-Chief reviews the manuscript to verify that it contains well-structured content, flows logically, and is grounded in sound theory and methodology. If the manuscript passes this initial screening and is deemed valuable by the editorial board, it moves to the second stage for a more in-depth evaluation. 2. Blind Peer Review by Scientific Experts Once the preliminary evaluation is complete, the manuscript is passed to the Field Area Editors. If the article does not meet the criteria for originality and relevance, the scientific editor has the authority to reject the manuscript. If the article has merit, the scientific editor, an expert in the field, assigns two or three independent reviewers. These experts in the relevant field conduct a blind peer review, meaning they review the manuscript without knowing the identity of the authors. The reviewers assess the manuscript based on several important factors: Subject Matter Appropriateness: The reviewers verify whether the topic fits within the journal's focus, ensuring the content is relevant to its audience. Novelty of the Information: They examine whether the research brings something new to the table, contributing original knowledge to the field. Presentation Quality: Reviewers evaluate whether the manuscript is clearly written, concise, and precise, paying attention to how well the ideas are communicated. In terms of scientific quality, the reviewers focus on the following aspects: Topicality: Is the research relevant to current developments in the field? Originality: Does the manuscript provide innovative ideas or approaches? Theoretical Rigor: Is the work grounded in solid theory and methodology that contributes to knowledge development in the area? Writing and Organization: Reviewers evaluate how well-structured and coherent the manuscript is, ensuring it's easy to follow. Methodology and Data Analysis: If applicable, they assess whether the research methods are appropriate and whether the analysis is sound. Conclusions: Finally, the reviewers check if the conclusions are logical, well-supported by the data, and coherent with the rest of the manuscript. After peer review, the manuscript might be returned to the corresponding author with requests for revision (by e-mail). These revisions are essential to address any gaps, improve clarity, or refine the analysis. The author must submit the corrections within a specified deadline; otherwise, the publication process will be canceled. Additionally, if required, authors may need to have their manuscripts reviewed by a professional English editor to ensure readability and polish before final acceptance. By ensuring rigorous evaluation in each stage, the CERNE review process maintains the integrity and scientific quality of the articles it publishes. Open Data The CERNE encourages the sharing of analysis datasets, instruments, statistical analysis scripts, roadmaps, and additional materials, made available at Open online repositories, such as Guia TOP (Guide to promoting the opening, transparency, and reproducibility of research published by SciELO Journals), if they cannot be published in the manuscript itself, and this information must be indicated in the manuscript. Reproducibility of research can be improved by increasing transparency of the research process and products. Also, in this context, research data may be made available by author(s) upon request. Fees CERNE does not charge fees for submission, publication, or manuscript evaluation. Ethics and Misconduct, Correction and Retraction Policy The CERNE is committed to defending the integrity of the literature and publishes Errata, Expressions of Concerns, or Notices of Retraction depending on the situation and the COPE Guidelines for Retraction. The retraction mechanism follows the Publication Ethics Committee (COPE) Retraction Guidelines, which can be accessed at COPE - Retraction Guidelines. Please see the following guidelines: Guidelines on Best Practices for Strengthening Ethics in Scientific Publication Guide to recording, marking and publishing Correction (Portuguese Only) Guide for registering, marking and publishing a retraction (Portuguese Only) Policy on Conflict of Interest If, for any reason, a conflict of interest is observed, the author(s) must inform the journal in a specific statement. Conflict of interest may occur when authors, reviewers, or editors show interests that may affect the preparation and evaluation of the manuscript. Adoption of Similarity Software Ideas or writing from someone else must be properly cited. The journal might use similarity software to detect article plagiarism (Copyspider, https://copyspider.com.br/main/), at the time of manuscript submission. If detected, the submitted manuscript is automatically rejected without further review. Adoption of Software Using Artificial Intelligence Resources The use of tools and resources that assist authors in preparing their manuscripts is recommended, if attribution standards are respected, and ethics and scientific integrity are maintained. Authors have the right and freedom to utilize tools and resources that aid in the preparation, writing, reviewing, and translation of their articles, book chapters, or books. Many of these tools and resources are provided by AI applications. However, only humans can be considered authors, as outlined in the following standards and practices: Disclose the sources of materials used in the research and writing of the article. Any use of or content generated by an AI application must be reported in both the abstract and methods section or the equivalent. Ensure that all cited material is properly attributed, including complete citations, and that the cited sources support AI-generated claims, as AI applications sometimes generate references to non-existent works. Take public responsibility for your work. Concealing the use of AI-generated content is an ethical violation that breaches the principles of transparency and honesty in research. Gender and Sex Issues The journal encourages gender equity in publication authorship. If needed, gender equity may also be taken into consideration for technical staff and associate editor selections. Ethics Committee The journal complies with the SciELO Guidelines Practices for Strengthening Ethics in Scientific Publication as well as the ethical principles of the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE). The manuscript that involves experimentation with living animals, human beings, or LGPD-sensitive data must provide evidence that it was performed under local ethical guidelines. This evidence must be officially stated in the Material and Methods section, describing that the study was evaluated and approved by an appropriate ethical committee. Copyright Authors who publish in this Journal agree to the following terms: Authors retain copyright and grant the Journal the right of first publication, with the work simultaneously licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY), allowing the work to be shared with acknowledgment of authorship and initial publication in this Journal. Intellectual Property and Terms of Use Responsibility of the site: The publication reserves the right to make normative, orthographic, and grammatical changes to the originals to maintain the cultured standard of the language while respecting the authors' style. The originals will not be returned to the authors. Author's responsibility: The authors retain full rights to their work published in CERNE and its total or partial reprinting, deposit or republication is subject to the indication of first publication in the Journal, through the CC-BY license. The original source of publication must be acknowledged. The opinions and concepts expressed by the authors of the manuscripts are their sole responsibility. This manuscript is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License CC-BY. CERNE encourages authors to self-archive their accepted manuscripts, publishing them on personal blogs, institutional repositories, and academic social media, as well as posting them on their social media, if the full citation is included in the version of the Journal website.
The published articles are freely distributed among researchers and social media, and all authors transfer the copyright to Cerne. The research findings can also be used in classroom teaching, conferences, dissertations/theses, and other applications without any restriction. We strongly recommend citing the article to reach a wider audience. The Author also declares that the work is original and free of plagiarism. The authors agree with the publication and are responsible for the accuracy of the information.
INFLUENCE OF CLONE-SITE INTERACTION ON WOOD BASIC DENSITY OF Eucalyptus clones IN BRAZILIAN TROPICAL ZONES
Background: Contrasting edaphoclimatic differences will influence the development of eucalyptus forests, resulting in varying responses according to the clone. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of clone x site interaction on the wood density of eucalyptus planted in tropical environments in Brazil. Eucalyptus clones (R9: E. urophylla, B2: E. urophylla x E. grandis, H8, and D4: E. grandis x E. urophylla) were analyzed 4 years after planting at 10 sites. A total of 120 trees were sampled, and the wood basic density was determined. The relationship between wood density, mean annual increment, and climate variables was assessed for each clone. Results: The site effect and clone x site interaction were significant. Clones H8 and R9 showed the most consistent wood density across sites, with density differences of 18 % and 14 %, respectively, and H8 exhibited a similar mean in 80 % of the sites. B2 and D4 were the most influenced by local growth with density variations of 28 and 22 %, respectively, indicating that wood density is affected by the interaction of genotype and growth environment. Only B2 showed significant correlations between density and all environmental variables, while density in R9 did not correlate with any variable. Conclusion: Clones are similarly affected by climate across the tropical gradient of Brazil. However, the magnitude of responses differs among clones at a single site. The effects of climate conditions on density are more evident when contrasting situations are compared.
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CHRYSOPOGON ZIZANIOIDES (L.) ROBERTY ESSENTIAL OIL AS PINUS WOOD RESISTANCE ENHANCER AGAINST THE ACTION OF XYLOPHAGOUS FUNGUS RHODONIA PLACENTA
Background: Plant essential oils have been tested as strategy to increase wood durability and to optimize its use. The aim of the present study is to assess the efficiency of Vetiveria zizanioides essential oil produced in Brazil and in China to increase Pinus wood resistance against the wood-destroying fungus Rhodonia Placenta. Wood specimens were exposed to fungus Rhodonia placenta and treated with these oils at concentrations 10%, 25%, 50% and 100%. Gas chromatography in combination to mass spectrometer was performed to feature the oil components. Results: The Brazilian oil turned Pinus wood highly resistant to R. placenta and the Chinese one made it partially resistant to this fungus. Brazilian sample presented compounds typical of V. zizanioides, namely: khusimol, β-vetivone, vetiselinenol and β-vetisperene. The Chinese oil only presented few sesquiterpenes, among them, cis-thujopsene, cedrol and pachoulol. Isopropyl myristate was its major component, but it does not have plant origin. Conclusion: Therefore, Pinus wood is highly susceptible to fungus R. placenta, but it gets resistant to it after being treated with typical V. zizanioides essential oil at concentrations of 25%, 50% and 100%. V. zizanioides essential oil added with additives, such as isopropyl myristate, loses efficiency in making Pinus wood resistant to fungus R. placenta.
HYDROLOGICAL IMPACT OF PINE SPECIES AND PLANTATION AGE IN THE SEMI-ARID MIXTECA ALTA, OAXACA.
Background: Rainfall redistribution by forest canopies is a key hydrological process influencing water availability in semi-arid ecosystems. However, information remains limited on how pine species and stand development affect rainfall partitioning in reforested landscapes of the Mixteca Alta region of Oaxaca, Mexico. This study evaluated throughfall, stemflow, and interception in Pinus pseudostrobus and Pinus greggii plantations ranging from 6 to 56 years old. Results: Rainfall partitioning was monitored throughout the rainy season using throughfall collectors and stemflow collars installed in seven pine plantations. Throughfall generally decreased with stand age, whereas interception increased as canopy development progressed. Pinus pseudostrobus consistently allowed greater throughfall and exhibited lower interception losses than P. greggii, particularly in younger stands. In contrast, P. greggii showed greater canopy retention of rainfall, reflecting differences in canopy structure and density. Stemflow contributed only a small proportion of total precipitation and declined with increasing stand age in both species. Log-linear models indicated significant relationships between incident precipitation and rainfall redistribution components, while structural attributes such as crown diameter and basal area were associated with observed hydrological responses Conclusions: Species identity and stand age significantly influenced rainfall partitioning in semi-arid pine plantations. The greater interception observed in older stands and in P. greggii highlights the importance of canopy structure in regulating water inputs to the forest floor. These findings provide useful guidance for species selection and reforestation planning aimed at sustaining hydrological ecosystem services in water-limited environments.
Use of biochar in water and wastewater treatment: a bibliometric analysis and state-of-the-art review
Background: Biochar has emerged as a sustainable and efficient alternative for water and wastewater treatment due to its high surface area, porosity, chemical stability, and adsorption capacity. Over time, numerous studies have proposed methods for removing contaminants from water and wastewater to enable their reuse in accordance with Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 6 and 14. Among the techniques reported as effective in this context is the use of biochar. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to examine the state of the art and current trends regarding the use of biochar in water and wastewater treatment. To achieve this, a bibliometric analysis was conducted using the Scopus scientific database to identify the research landscape involving biochar for water and wastewater treatment. Results: The use of residual agroforestry biomass for biochar production was predominant, including coffee husks, açaí seeds, bamboo, wood, rice husks, corn cobs, and forest residues. In addition, muffle furnaces were the most commonly used systems in thermal degradation processes. The pharmaceutical and textile industries, followed by water treatment facilities, were identified as the sectors with the greatest research interest involving biochar-based adsorbents. Conclusions: Biochar demonstrated significant potential and efficiency for water and wastewater treatment due to its performance in removing contaminants such as pharmaceutical compounds, dyes, heavy metals, and emerging micropollutants. The successful removal of pollutants was mainly attributed to the adsorption mechanism associated with biochar, with improved performance observed after chemical activation. Therefore, biochar stands out not only as an adsorbent material, but also as a technology aligned with environmental remediation strategies, waste valorization, and sustainable water resource management.
LATENT COMPETITION AND THE INDIVIDUAL EFFECT OF MICROCLIMATIC VARIABLES ON STEM TREE GROWTH IN THE CENTRAL AMAZON
Background: The dynamics of the forest can be conditioned by microclimatic variation and competition for resources, which results in physiological changes that interfere with the pattern of species development. This study evaluated the individual effect of microclimatic variables and competitive status on stem diameter growth of terra-firme tree species in Central Amazonia. The individual stem growth of 33 trees of seven species was measured over four years. To quantify the level of competition of trees in relation to their respective competitors, a widely used distance-dependent competition index was correlated with the increase in tree diameter. For each competitor, the diameter (cm) and distance between the stems in relation to the target tree (m) and the crown diameter (m) were measured. Results: The individual growth pattern varied over time with an average of 0.15 mm month-1 and precipitation and soil water content were the main factors responsible for growth in most species. Variation in vapor pressure deficit (VPD) (minimum and average) led to changes in diameter growth. The maximum VPD and temperature (minimum and maximum) did not influence the growth in diameter. There was no significant effect of the competition among trees on the increment in diameter, which was ascribed to the high population (latent competition). Conclusion: These results indicate that changes associated with VPD can limit photosynthetic capacity, especially in drier periods and at higher temperatures. High tree density (338 stems/ha) in the Amazon creates a "latent competition" environment. Limited resources affect all trees similarly, masking the impact of individual competitors.
NEW STRATEGIES TO INFLUENCE LAND USE DYNAMIC: SPATIAL ANALYSIS AND QUANTIFICATION
Background: Land use plays a critical role in shaping human societies and environmental sustainability. This study investigates strategies influencing land use dynamics and their potential implications for territorial management and public policy development. We propose a new approach to indicate three different land use strategies, quantify and analyze their spatial relevance. The study area in a brazilian Biosphere Reserve covers two watersheds with distinct ecosystems and socioeconomic contexts. We implemented the following steps: mapping land use, computing the potential for agriculture use, mapping restricted zones, and computing the strategies. We access public databases and perform spatial analyses using Google Earth Engine, Google Colab and QGis software. Results: One of the watersheds exhibits less anthropization and better environmental preservation. Consequently, it presents more significant potential for implementing payment for environmental services (PES) programs. The other watershed, with higher anthropization and agricultural intensity, requires more extensive restoration, especially in restricted areas. Conclusion: These differences underscore the importance of tailoring land management strategies to specific socioeconomic and environmental characteristics, ensuring effective conservation and territorial management. Our study promotes the UN's sustainable development goals, particularly SDG 10 (Reduced inequalities), SDG 15(Life on land) and SDG 13 (Climate Action).
GENETIC PARAMETERS AND CORRELATION BETWEEN GROWTH TRAITS IN YOUNG PROGENIES OF Corymbia torelliana (F.Muell.) KD Hill and LAS Johnson
Background: Corymbia torelliana is a promising alternative for the forestry sector due to its rapid growth, resistance, and high-quality wood for charcoal and biomass production. However, there is limited information regarding its genetic performance under Brazilian conditions. This study aimed to estimate genetic parameters and evaluate correlations between growth traits in young half-sib progenies. The experiment was conducted in Lavras, MG, with 28 progenies evaluated in a randomized complete block design, with eight replications and five plants per plot. Height (H) and diameter at breast height (DBH) were measured at 12, 18, and 24 months, and genetic estimates were obtained using the REML/BLUP method, including analyses of genotypic and phenotypic correlations. Results: Narrow-sense heritabilities showed moderate magnitude (0.18 to 0.22), as well as progeny selection accuracy (0.64 to 0.68). Individual genetic variation coefficients ranged from 8.3% to 12.8%, indicating genetic variability among individuals. The environmental effect among plots was significant, with a determination coefficient above 0.10. Average DBH ranged from 2.4 to 5.3 cm with increasing age, and mean height reached 2.91 m at 12 months. High genetic and phenotypic correlations suggest potential for simultaneous selection, although indirect selection accuracy was lower than direct selection. Conclusion: The results confirm the genetic potential of C. torelliana for selective gains, particularly in DBH at 24 months. The study highlights the importance of improving management practices and selection strategies to mitigate environmental effects and enhance the accuracy of genetic estimates.
MONITORING SOIL DEFORMATION DURING A SKIDDING OPERATION USING UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLE DERIVED DATA
Background: In recent years, mechanized logging equipment have become more frequently used in topographically suitable and intensively managed forest areas. However, the rut depths caused by these logging equipment can cause serious deformation problems in the forest soil. In this study, the physical impacts of a skidder on forest soil were evaluated using Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) based digital imagery. The research was conducted in the Saros Forest Enterprise Chief located in the city of Çanakkale in Türkiye, where rut depth formations were comparatively analyzed using manual ruler method and UAV data. Rut depths were determined for two slope classes (0-20% and 20-50%) and during the fifth, tenth, and fifteenth turns of the skidder. Results: The results indicated that the rut depths calculated from UAV imagery were highly consistent with those obtained from manual measurements. It was observed that rut depths were greater on steeper slopes (20-50%) and increased with the number of turns. In addition, bulk density and hygroscopic moisture tended to increase in low-slope areas while decreasing in steep slopes. Conclusion: This study demonstrated that UAV-based method provides a quick and reliable approach for monitoring soil deformation caused by a skidder during the logging operations. This UAV-based method will enable to predict environmental impacts of logging equipment and allow for more sustainable timber extraction planning. Moreover, the methodology presented in this study can be applied to evaluate the physical effects of other mechanized logging equipment on forest soil.
MACHINE LEARNING-BASED ASSESSMENT OF LEAF-CUTTING ANT INFESTATION IN Eucalyptus FOREST PLANTATIONS
Background: Brazilian planted forests play a critical role in global wood and fiber production but face significant productivity challenges from pests and diseases. Leaf-cutting ants (Atta spp. and Acromyrmex spp.) are the main pest in the Brazilian planted forests and cause significant productivity losses every year. Identifying areas most susceptible to colony establishment and growth is crucial for implementing effective management strategies. This study aims to assess the influence of edaphoclimatic and landscape variables on the establishment and expansion of leaf-cutting ant colonies and identify the key factors driving their occurrence. Results: Based on a decade of monitoring data from 33,000 Eucalyptus stands across five regions, Random Forest models reached accuracies of 83% for predicting initial nests and 78% for predicting large nests. Conclusion: The machine learning models effectively detected both initial and large nests, revealing that edaphoclimatic and landscape conditions exert varying levels of influence across macro-regions.
IMPACT OF GENETIC MATERIAL AND TREE AGE ON EUCALYPTUS LITTER DECOMPOSITION AND NUTRITIONAL STATUS
Background: The aim of this study was to assess the decomposition of litter and subsequent nutrient release from different eucalypt stand with different clones in the neotropical savanna. Litter mass loss for each clone was assessed through the random distribution of over 1,080 litter bags on the soil surface. Chemical analyses of macronutrients (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, and S) and carbon (C) in the remaining litter were performed. An exponential and polynomial model was used to describe the decomposition and macronutrients, respectively. An ANOVA was conducted, and mean comparisons were performed using Tukey’s test (α = 0.05). Results: At the end of the experiment, the remaining litter mass was 11% for clone GG100 and 15% for clone EAC 1528. The residual concentrations of C, K, and Mg in the litter were associated with mass loss, while N, P, Ca, and S increased up to 720 days. The levels of N, P, and Mg were higher in clone GG100, whereas Ca and S were higher in clone EAC 1528 (p = 0.05). Conclusion: This study highlights that long-term research on litter decomposition in eucalypt stands contributes to a better understanding of nutrient cycling dynamics. Different eucalyptus stands exhibited distinct nutrient release patterns throughout the litter decomposition process.
THE EFFECT OF CELLULOSE NANOCRYSTALS ON THE PROPERTIES OF ERYTHRINA POEPPIGIANA (Walp.) O.F.Cook PLYWOOD
Background: Erythrina poeppigiana is a fast growing, low density tropical wood species underutilized in southern Bahia, Brazil. Its plywood exhibits limited mechanical performance due to wide parenchyma bands, low lignin content, and high porosity. Cellulose nanocrystals (NCC) have been proposed to enhance adhesive bonding and panel stiffness. This study evaluated the effects of incorporating NCC into phenol-formaldehyde adhesive on the physical and mechanical properties of E. poeppigiana plywood. Results: Five-layer plywood panels were produced with NCC loadings of 0, 1, 1.5, and 2% by mass. NCC addition increased the parallel modulus of elasticity, with 1% sufficient to reach standard requirements for concrete formwork. No significant effect was observed on modulus of rupture. Water absorption and 24-hour thickness swelling increased with NCC, particularly at 1.5% and 2%, reflecting the hydrophilic nature of NCC and the wood’s anatomical structure. Shear strength decreased for NCC contents above 1%, likely due to increased viscosity, hydrogen bonding, and potential NCC aggregation. Other properties, including density and moisture content, remained unaffected. Conclusion: Low NCC concentrations can improve the stiffness of E. poeppigiana plywood without compromising bonding, whereas higher concentrations negatively affect shear strength and moisture-related properties. The wood’s chemical and anatomical characteristics, notably broad parenchyma bands and low density, influence the overall performance. These findings suggest that controlled NCC incorporation offers a strategy to enhance value-added applications of underutilized species.
Evaluation of Araucaria angustifolia (Bertol.) Kuntze wood for acoustic guitar production and musical acceptance of the instrument
Background: The acoustic quality of a guitar is directly influenced by the wood species used in its construction. Brazil has a diverse range of tree species with potential for lutherie, which could reduce production costs and encourage sustainable cultivation. In this context, this study evaluated the suitability of Araucaria angustifolia, a native species from southern Brazil, for use in guitar manufacturing. Acoustic, anatomical, chemical, physical, and mechanical properties of wood samples from three trees were analyzed, followed by the construction and evaluation of a guitar prototype. Results: The results demonstrated promising acoustic performance, with a sound velocity of 4657 m·s⁻¹, a fundamental frequency of 199.1 Hz, and a logarithmic decay of 0.019 s. The wood showed suitability for use in the soundboard and back of the guitar. Significant correlations were observed between acoustic and mechanical properties and anatomical and chemical characteristics, including bordered pit diameter, solubility in ethanol and water, basic density, and tangential hardness. The wood exhibited a density of 430 kg·m⁻³ and lower shrinkage values compared with conventional tonewoods. Mechanical behavior was consistent with low-density woods, with an elastic modulus of 10,469 MPa. Evaluations conducted by professional musicians classified the instrument’s tonal quality as “Good” or “Very Good”. Conclusion: The findings indicate that Araucaria angustifolia has significant potential for guitar manufacturing, especially in applications requiring lightweight tonewoods with favorable acoustic performance. The species represents a promising alternative for lutherie, contributing to the diversification of raw materials and the valorization of native Brazilian woods.
INFLUENCE OF TOPOSEQUENCE ON LEAF AND WOOD CHARACTERISTICS OF EUCALYPTUS CLONES: ADAPTIVE RESPONSES TO WATER AND LIGHT AVAILABILITY
Background: In Brazil, the production of wood derivatives is mainly based on planted eucalyptus forests, often established in areas marginal to agriculture, such as steep terrain. However, intra-site variability in these plantations is still poorly explored, especially in operational silviculture contexts. Topographic gradients can modify the availability of water and light, influencing plant performance and wood quality. In this context, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of topographic variation along a toposequence on the morphological and anatomical characteristics of leaves, as well as on the anatomical and chemical properties, basic density, and higher heating value of the wood, in a clonal plantation of Eucalyptus spp. Results: Position in the toposequence significantly influenced several characteristics (p < 0.10). Trees located at the base of the slope exhibited, on average, higher leaf water content (1.37 g. g⁻¹), larger leaf area (47.95 cm²) and lower total extractive content in the wood (3.47%). The leaves of trees in the middle of the slope had the lowest water content (1.16 g. g⁻¹). At the top of the slope, where the trees with the lowest height growth were found (15.26 m), the leaves had a higher proportion of palisade and spongy parenchyma (0.62), one of the smallest leaf areas (28.9 cm²) and higher total extractive content (7.20%). Conclusion: Topographic variation promotes integrated adjustments in leaf and wood characteristics, reflecting adaptive strategies to local resource availability conditions. These results reinforce the importance of considering intra-site variability in forest management and in the selection of genetic materials better adapted to heterogeneous environments.
Background: Optimal sampling designs are crucial for accurate ecological and forestry assessments, particularly for regeneration studies in Amazonian secondary forests, which play an important role in biodiversity conservation and carbon sequestration. This study evaluated different sampling plot configurations for estimating regeneration diversity and structural attributes in a 30-year-old secondary forest in Belém, Brazil. Within a one-hectare permanent plot (100 × 100 m), all trees with a diameter at breast height (DBH) ≤ 10 cm were measured, identified, and geolocated, totaling 3,003 individuals. Trees were classified into two diameter classes: DBH < 5 cm and 5 cm ≤ DBH ≤ 10 cm. Resampling simulations using the bootstrap method subdivided the one-hectare plot into four sampling plot sizes (4 m², 25 m², 50 m², and 100 m²) with rectangular and square shapes. Simulations tested sample sizes ranging from four to (N − 1) units, with 1,000 iterations per configuration. Results: Accuracy and precision for diversity metrics (species richness and Shannon–Weaver index) and structural attributes (tree density, stem density, and basal area) were evaluated using Mean Absolute Error (MAE) and Relative Sampling Error (RSE). Results indicated that 4 m² sampling plots were the most suitable for estimating diversity metrics across both diameter classes, regardless of plot shape. For structural variables, square 4 m² plots performed best for trees with DBH < 5 cm, whereas rectangular 50 m² plots were optimal for trees with 5 cm ≤ DBH ≤ 10 cm. The influence of plot shape varied depending on the variable analyzed and the sampling plot size. Conclusion: Overall, sampling plots of 4 m² and 50 m² are recommended for efficient regeneration sampling in Amazonian secondary forests, as they provide better accuracy and precision for diversity and structural estimates across different diameter classes.
TESTING ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORKS FOR ESTIMATING RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN DIAMETER AT BREAST HEIGHT AND STUMP DIAMETER IN QUERCUS CERRİS
Background: Accurate prediction of diameter at breast height (DBH) from stump diameter measurements is essential for sustainable forest management, particularly in post-harvest assessments, illegal logging investigations, and carbon accounting protocols in Quercus cerris stands. Traditional allometric models often fail to capture the complex nonlinear relationships inherent in tree growth patterns, necessitating advanced computational approaches. This study aims to develop and validate artificial neural network (ANN) models for predicting DBH from stump diameter in Q. cerris stands across diverse ecological conditions in Turkish forests. Results: We conducted an extensive field survey across 103 systematically distributed sample plots encompassing 1,077 individual Q. cerris trees within the Bursa Regional Directorate of Forestry, Turkey. The study area represented diverse site conditions including five site quality classes, multiple age cohorts, and varying stand densities. Fourteen traditional regression models were compared against five distinct ANN architectures with varying activation functions. The ANN model employing hyperbolic tangent sigmoid activation function between input and hidden layers coupled with pure-linear function between hidden and output layers (ANN-2) with 8 neurons demonstrated superior predictive performance (SSE = 777.1878, RMSE = 2.190309, MSE = 4.79745, R²adj = 0.9484). Among conventional models, the quadratic regression exhibited competitive performance but showed evidence of heteroscedasticity and model assumption violations. Conclusion: This research demonstrates the superior capability of artificial neural networks in modeling complex DBH-stump diameter relationships in Q. cerris compared to traditional statistical approaches. The developed ANN models provide forest managers with robust, accurate tools for retrospective forest assessments, illegal logging quantification, and sustainable management planning.
EPICORMIC SPROUTING FROM DETACHED BRANCHES OF Ilex paraguar-iensis: EFFECTS OF DISPOSITION SENSE AND BRANCH DIAMETER ON PROPAGATION POTENTIAL
Background: Epicormic sprouting represents a promising strategy for vegetative rescue and propagation of mature trees; however, factors influencing sprout productivity and viability remain insufficiently understood for Ilex paraguariensis. This study evaluated the epicormic sprouting potential of detached branches according to disposition sense (horizontal and vertical) and branch diameter (thin and thick), as well as the rooting performance of cuttings derived from epicormic and canopy sprouts. Detached branches were maintained under controlled mini tunnel conditions and assessed over a 120-day period for survival, sprouting percentage, number of sprouts and sprout length. Subsequently, cuttings from both material sources were evaluated for survival, callus formation, rooting and sprout development. Results: Disposition sense was the main factor influencing sprouting dynamics. Vertically disposed branches exhibited faster initial sprouting but reduced longevity, whereas horizontally disposed branches showed slower development combined with extended survival. Branch diameter had secondary effects, mainly influencing early sprouting responses. Epicormic cuttings showed lower survival compared to canopy-derived material; however, rooting percentages were statistically similar between sources. Conclusion: These findings demonstrate that detached branches constitute a viable ex situ source of epicormic sprouts, allowing flexible management strategies depending on production goals. Nevertheless, improvements in environmental conditions and propagule physiological status may be required to enhance survival during vegetative propagation. Overall, detached branches represent a promising alternative for the propagation and conservation of I. paraguariensis, supporting clonal propagation programs while minimizing damage to mother trees.
CARBON EMISSIONS AND ABSORPTIONS PRODUCED BY DEFORESTATION, FOREST DEGRADATION, REFORESTATION, AND NATURAL FOREST RECOVERY. CASE STUDY: NORTH PACIFIC BASIN, MEXICO.
Background: The degradation and loss of forest cover negatively impact different ecosystems, causing many socio-environmental challenges. This study aims to estimate carbon emissions from deforestation and forest degradation, as well as carbon sequestration through natural forest recovery and reforestation in the North Pacific Basin of Mexico. The methodology follows the guidelines of the good practices of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, combining activity data with emission and sequestration factors. Results: The findings indicate a deforestation of 597, 124 ha, a forest degradation of 491,285 ha, resulting in emissions of 9,685.28 Gg CO2e and 1, 048.49 Gg CO2e, respectively, as well as reforestation of 5, 328 ha and a natural forest recovery of 97, 112 ha, which originated an absorption of 6.81 Gg CO2e and 413.38 Gg CO2e, consecutively. Conclusion: The highest emissions were associated with the conversion of primary and secondary deciduous forests into annual croplands. Furthermore, primary oak forests transitioned into secondary oak forests. The most affected municipalities include Badiraguato, Mezquital, Guadalupe y Calvo, Durango, Guachochi, Culiacán, and El Fuerte.
CARBON STOCK IN THE ABOVEGROUND VEGETATION OF REMEDIATED LAND QUARRIES IN NORTHWEST RUSSIA
Background: Forest re-cultivation can shorten the formation of tree stand and favor accumulation of carbon dioxide. The growth rates, biomass accumulation and carbon sequestration in stands of native Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) (SP) and introduced lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl.) (LP) on remediated land quarries were studied. A comparative analysis of the parameters is given 1) in cultures using same planting material (bare-root SP seedlings) but developing on different parent materials (ancient alluvial sands, fluvioglacial sandy loams, and moraine loams) and 2) in pine cultures on the same deposits (fluvioglacial sandy loams), but using different planting materials: bare-root SP seedlings, container SP seedlings and container LP seedlings. Allometric equations were used to calculate stand biomass. The ground cover biomass was determined by the mowing method. Results: Biometric parameters, biomass and carbon reserves, and the share of wood in the total biomass reserves increase along with the soil texture transformation from sands to silty loams. The aboveground biomass is dominated by mosses and lichens on sands to sandy loams and by grasses on loams. The LP cultures have better growth, survival, biomass and carbon sequestration values compared with those of the SP. Conclusion: The soil conditions of quarries affect the growth and survival, biomass and carbon sink of pine crops. The LP is recommended for forest recultivation on the territory of northwest Russia.
EMBRYOGENIC CALLUS INDUCTION FROM in vitro CULTURE OF MATURE ZYGOTIC EMBRYOS OF Euterpe edulis Martius (ARECACEAE)
Euterpe edulis Martius, a symbolic species of the Atlantic Forest in Brazil, does not produce axillary or basal shoots, which prevents vegetative propagation through conventional techniques. Tissue culture techniques have been proposed for the clonal propagation of superior genotypes of this species. The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) on the induction of embryogenic calluses from mature zygotic embryos of E. edulis. Mature zygotic embryos were inoculated in culture media supplemented with different concentrations (20, 40, 80, 160, 320, 480, and 640 mg L-1) of 2,4-D. In the control treatment, no 2,4-D was added. The experiments were carried out in a completely randomized design. After 70 days in induction medium, three morphogenic responses were observed: seedlings, abnormal seedlings, and calluses. Increasing concentrations of 2,4-D reduced normal seedling formation while enhancing callogenesis up to an optimal level (279 mg L⁻¹). At higher concentrations, embryogenic calluses or oxidized explants predominated, with a high percentage of non-responsive tissues. Morphoanatomical evaluations revealed the embryogenic potential of the calluses. These structures consisted of a meristematic center surrounded by a parenchymatic zone. Neutral polysaccharides and starch grains were mainly observed in the parenchymatic zone, which was not directly involved in somatic embryo regeneration. In summary, we report here the formation of embryogenic calluses from the in vitro culture of zygotic embryos of E. edulis. We believe that these data may be helpful to the establishment of a complete regeneration protocol for this critical plant palm species.
PREDICTION OF EUCALYPTUS PRODUCTIVITY AND BASIC WOOD DENSITY USING A NOVEL WATER-AVAILABILITY-SENSITIVE PROXY
Background: This study evaluated how water availability, in interaction with soil and management attributes, modulates volumetric and mass productivity and basic wood density in commercial Eucalyptus plantations distributed across São Paulo, Bahia, and Maranhão, encompassing six Köppen climate types. A total of 63 production units and 16 clones were analyzed, integrating classical climatic indices and a novel water-availability proxy. Volumetric productivity and basic wood density were standardized to seven years, and multivariate regression models were fitted considering basic wood density at seven years, altitude, soil texture, stand age, and spacing. Results: The models showed excellent performance (adjusted R² > 99%), with the proxy exhibiting greater explanatory power in São Paulo and Maranhão, whereas soil texture and spacing were more influential in Bahia. Basic wood density emerged as an integrative variable: under humid climates, increases in density favored biomass accumulation, while under dry climates they reflect conservative strategies associated with hydraulic safety. Clone HGU-1 stood out for its high ecophysiological plasticity and productive stability under contrasting environments. Conclusion: The results demonstrate that the proposed proxy is sensitive and effective for water zoning, genetic material selection, and management recommendations, and that basic wood density functions as a functional indicator of the efficiency–safety trade-off in tropical environments.
Glaycianne Christine Vieira dos Santos Ataíde
TECHNICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE OF PARTICLEBOARDS FROM Erythrina poeppigiana (Walp.) O.F. Cook IN AGROFORESTRY SYSTEMS
Background: This study evaluated the technical performance, energy demand, and carbon footprint of particleboards produced from Erythrina poeppigiana (Walp.) O.F. Cook wood obtained from agroforestry systems, considering different panel densities and structural configurations. Results: Panel density significantly influenced both physical properties and environmental performance. Single-layer panels showed improved dimensional stability, with thickness swelling values below 22%, whereas multilayer panels exceeded this limit. Water absorption ranged from 40.1 to 78.4%, confirming the high hygroscopicity of the material. Mechanical performance was satisfactory, with modulus of elasticity ranging from 2062 to 2654 MPa, while modulus of rupture (18.6–23.7 MPa) and internal bond strength (0.49–0.80 MPa) showed no significant differences among treatments. In the cradle-to-gate assessment, energy demand ranged from 4649 to 4869 MJ·m⁻³ and CO₂e emissions from 189.89 to 203.06 kg CO₂e·m⁻³. Lower-density panels showed the lowest environmental impacts due to reduced wood and adhesive consumption. Adhesive production was the main contributor, accounting for approximately 72–74% of total emissions. Conclusion: E. poeppigiana wood from agroforestry systems is a viable alternative raw material for particleboard production. Panel structure and material efficiency were the main factors controlling performance and environmental impacts. High water absorption values (40.1–78.4%) represent a critical limitation, compromising dimensional stability and restricting multilayer configurations under moisture exposure. Improvements in dimensional stability are still required.